OCEANOGRAPHY & MARINE SCIENCE

An extensive series utilizing many multiple
images to present a comprehensive and
integrated approach to the total spectrum
of marine biology and oceanography. Solid
science wonderfully detailed!

BIOLUMINESCENCE TOXICITY & THREAT
Thought provoking insights into biolumin- escence and its prevalence in salt water. Poisonous, venomous and aggressive sea creatures. 3 pgms. 50 slides and guides.
EPSS-0800X SLIDES
$99.95

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SAVE $20.00 ON 3 SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER EP #SS-0800X........$99.95
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BIOLUMINESCENCE Slides order #SS-0800S......$34.95

The emission of light by living organisms is reviewed. Concentrating on the
diverse population of bioluminescent organisms in the oceans illustrated by many
multiple images, this presentation explores the amount of energy used by the light
organs, the adaptive roles of bioluminescence, and how light production serves in
communication. 10 frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0800F....$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 4. The coelenterates have many bioluminescent representatives.
Most of the planktonic siphonophores and benthic sea pens are luminescent, as are many
jellyfish and hydroids. There appear to be only a few bioluminescent corals and sea
anemones; those discovered so far occur at depths great enough to make observation difficult.
Shown in this frame are two luminescent corals found at depths between 35 and 60 m.
Alcyonaria is shown upper left and Leptoseris lower left as they appear under full-spectrum light.
At right, the luminescent properties of each becomes apparent when enhanced by long-
exposure photography.

Hydroids such as Obelia emit a greenish light when mechanically disturbed. Off the
California coast these lights outline submerged kelp (to which the hydroids attach) as they are
rocked by the waves. The greenish sparkles that result when one rubs one's hand along a
submerged piling are probably due to hydroids. Many jellyfish are luminescent and, along with
ctenophores, are responsible for the brilliant blue flashes that accompany rowboats in quiet bays
on dark summer nights.
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VENOMOUS AND POISONOUS MARINE ANIMALS Order #478.....$42.50

Surveys marine animals which are potentially dangerous to man and other
marine animals, the nature of the threat, means of avoidance and treatment of wounds.
Coverage includes man-o-war and other coelenterates, crown-of-thorns and other
echinoderms, cones, molluscs, worms, venomous fish, puffers, ciguatera poisoning,
and sea snakes. 20 slides and detailed guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 21950 The class Chondrichthyes is made up of cartilaginous
fishes such as sharks, rays and chimaeras. Among them, only a few species of sharks are
known to be venomous. To date, only two families, Heterodontidae and Squalidae, are reported
to include venomous species. These two families are characterized by sharks with dorsal fin
spines, which are not typical of most other families.

This horn shark (Heterodontus francisci) from the Gulf of California, possesses two
venomous spines on the anterior portion of the dorsal fins. Envenomations from this species
occur when anglers handle struggling fish while attempting to remove the hook.

The spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) is another venomous shark from the Eastern
Pacific. Again, injuries are the result of stings while live specimens are handled.

The toxin of venomous sharks is contained within the tissue embedded in a groove along
the spine. Almost nothing is known about the toxic properties of the venom. Experiments
conducted on laboratory animals indicate the venom is comparatively mild. Nonetheless, human
envenomation can produce intense pain. Swelling of the injured area can persist for several
days. Clinical reports claim some species of Squalus can induce fatal stings. This, however,
remains unconfirmed.

Pain can be relieved by soaking the wound in very hot water for 30 minutes or longer. It
may be necessary to use antibiotics and antitetanus agents to prevent infections in more severe
cases.

REVIEWS: "...unique...informative..." Previews.
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DANGEROUS MARINE ORGANISMS Slides order #SS-0190S.....$42.50

Serves to help identify organisms hazardous to man. Exciting examples of
camouflage, protective armature, and weapons of attack, among other features. 20
frames and guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0190F....$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 7. Many of the rays (related to sharks) possess caudal stings
for defense that resemble large notched thorns with poisonous venom. The venom is secreted by
tissue that grows in the notches. Many rays are covered with sand in shallow waters and can be
avoided by shuffling your feet as you advance.

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RELATED PROGRAMS WORTH NOTING
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MARINE REPTILES Order SS-1050S.....$34.95

Found predominantly in tropical waters and in limited varieties, marine reptiles
are easy to overlook. But 8 turtle species, a lizard species, 50 snake species, and a
crocodile species frequent the oceans. 10 frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip order
SS-1050F..... $15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 7. Of the 3,000 or so species of living snakes some 50 species
have adapted to life in the ocean. Some are truly pelagic and may be encountered a thousand
miles from shore; others inhabit salt-water marshes and coastal bays. All of the marine snakes
belong to the family Hydrophiidae. All are poisonous and resemble the cobras and their allies
(family Elapidae) in the structure of their fangs and most other characteristics.

The marine snakes display an array of adaptations for marine life, however. Their tails
are laterally flattened and are sculled in paddle-like fashion during swimming. Most sea snakes
are covered with small, round scales and lack the enlarged ventral scales that characterize
terrestrial species. The nostrils are valvular--they can be closed when the snake submerges--and
may be displaced toward the top of the head. Nasal glands are believed to excrete excess salt.
Another modification that reflects their aquatic life is a reduction in the length of their tongues, as
the detection of airborne odors is of limited use to these fish-eaters; only the fork of the tongue
protrudes from the mouth.

Most sea snakes range from 3 to 4 ft in length, and a few may attain lengths of 8 ft.
Most inhabit coastal waters of the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans. One species
ranges throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans, including the western coast of Central
America: the yellow-bellied sea snake Pelamis platurus. This truly pelagic snake is
distinguished by its sharply contrasting coloration, dark brownish back above and bright yellow
belly, that presumably helps to conceal it from predatory seabirds and fish.
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~0203-04~ Zebra lionfish (Pterois volitans). photo by Alex Kerstitch.

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