OCEANOGRAPHY & MARINE SCIENCE

An extensive series utilizing many multiple
images to present a comprehensive and
integrated approach to the total spectrum
of marine biology and oceanography. Solid
science wonderfully detailed!

OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL FEATURES
Maps, charts, graphs and multiple images cram in extensive information about the physical and chemical properties of sea- water. 4 pgms. 55 slides, detailed guides.
EPSS-0712X SLIDES
$129.95

****************************************************************************************************************
SAVE OVER $32.00 ON 4 SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER EP #SS-0712X......$129.95
****************************************************************************************************************

WHAT IS OCEANOGRAPHY? Slides order #SS-0710S.......$42.50

Traces the historic development of oceanography and its four principal divisions.
Explains the importance of incorporating the more classic sciences of physics, geology,
chemistry, and biology into the study of our oceans. 15 frames, cassette and guide.
(Filmstrip order SS-0710F......$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 6. Modern oceanography is the study of the ocean in all its
aspects. The world ocean is an interconnected body of water that covers 70.8% of the earth's
surface, with an average depth of close to 4,000 m or about 2 1/2 miles. Oceanography is
concerned with the physical, geological, chemical, and biological phenomena that occur in the
ocean and its basins, as well as their effects on other components of the hydrosphere,
lithosphere, and atmosphere.

Oceanography is a meeting ground of these four scientific disciplines, each of
which approaches the ocean from different perspectives and different questions. Physical
oceanography investigates the properties of ocean water in motion; it studies currents, waves
and tides. Geological oceanography investigates the structure of the ocean basins and the
processes that are active there. Chemical oceanography is the study of seawater and its
dissolved substances, as well as the forces that maintain their concentrations. Biological
oceanography is properly the study of the plant and animal life in the ocean and their interactions
with the physical, chemical, and geological aspects of their environment. Marine biology is a
poorly demarcated subdivision of biological oceanography which studies the forms, functions,
and life histories of the marine organisms themselves. Together these four branches of
oceanography study the ocean in all its aspects.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ORIGIN & COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER Slides order #SS-0715S.......$34.95

The early vaporization of water from the super-heated earth's mantle and the
subsequent condensation of this water is discussed. Examines the hydrological cycle,
ocean circulation, salinity, the origin of major anions and cations, trace constituents,
and gases. 10 frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0715F.....$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 4. The sun’s energy also drives the ocean circulation that serves
to equilibrate the salinity of seawater on a global scale. The water in the ocean is constantly being
mixed by surface and subsurface currents, waves and tides. Shown in this illustration are the
major surface currents of the ocean. Convention divides the ocean into four major divisions--the
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic Ocean--but these all intercommunicate, as this figure
emphasizes, to form one world ocean.

That the world ocean is well mixed is indicated by the observation that the salinity of its
waters varies within rather restricted limits. Whereas the salinity of landlocked salt lakes may
vary tremendously--the Great Salt Lake, for example, has an average salt content of 28%--that of
ocean water ranges from 3.3 to 3.7%, regardless of where it is sampled.

Changes in ocean salinity result from local evaporation, precipitation, river inflow, and
formation of sea ice. These local variations are dampened by the equilibrating effects of the world
ocean circulation, which maintains this salinity of ocean water at an average 3.5%.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

SALINITY, TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY Slides order #SS-0720S.....$49.95

Focusing on the properties of sea water, this program describes methods
oceanographers use to measure salinity and temperature of subsurface waters. Using
such to characterize the origin of water mass, and determining density from T-S data,
the procedures oceanographers follow to predict water mass movement are explored. 20
frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0720F .........$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 3. One of the parameters of ocean water that is useful to ocean-
ographers is salinity. Seawater is, of course, salt water, and salinity generally refers to the
total concentration of dissolved material in seawater. Salinity (S) may be defined as "the total
amount of solid materials in grams contained in one kilogram of seawater when all the carbonate
has been converted to oxide, the bromide and iodide replaced by chlorine and all organic matter
completely oxidized."

The average salinity of ocean water is about 35 g/kg, or 3.5%. This concentration is
usually expressed as 35 parts per thousand (35 ppt), as this notation conveniently expresses
ratios of grams per kilogram.

During the early nineteenth century salinity was measured by evaporating a seawater
sample of known volume and weighing the residue. The inconvenience of this method, especially
on shipboard where the laboratory is in constant motion and storage space is limited, led to the
search for more efficient means of measuring salinity.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

DISSOLVED GASES & pH OF SEAWATER Slides order #SS-0725S......$34.95

Examines the ocean as a steady-state system in which the components of
seawater are held near their saturation values. Oceanographers are currently pursuing
every available means of measurement to substantiate this steady-state model of the
oceans. The internal carbonate economy of the oceans is viewed as part of the
biosphere's overall carbon cycle. 10 frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip order
SS-0725F......$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 2. The temperature and salinity of a water mass (which in
turn determine its saturation capacity) are determined at the surface. Once a water mass sinks
below the surface its temperature and salinity change only slowly due to diffusion and mixing
with other water masses (advection). Temperature and salinity are thus said to be conservative
properties of seawater.

Once a water mass sinks below the surface its dissolved gases are effectively cut off
from exchange with the atmosphere. The concentrations of dissolved gases in subsurface waters
are affected, however, by any biochemical reactions in which they take place. For example,
nitrogen gas is unavailable to most aquatic organisms (except for certain bottom-dwelling
nitrogen-fixing bacteria) and the rare gases--argon (Ar), helium (He), neon (Ne), and krypton
(Kr)--are biologically inert. The concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and rare gases are not
affected by biological activity and are therefore conservative, varying little with depth. Seawater
at all levels of the ocean is generally saturated with nitrogen and the rare gases.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide, on the other hand, are evolved or utilized by photosynthesis
and respiration. Thus the concentration of these two gases is nonconservative, as both are
affected by biological activity. The type and extent of biological activity influences the
concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the water column.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


ocncrc_9 Ocean circulation. graphic by Educational Images Ltd.

Copyright (c) MCMXCVII Educational Images Ltd., Elmira, NY, USA. All rights reserved.

EDUCATIONAL IMAGES LTD.

P.O.Box 3456 Westside Station

Elmira, N.Y., USA, 14905-0456

Telephone: 800-527-4264; 607-732-1090

Fax: 607-732-1183

E-Mail: edimages@edimages.com