OCEANOGRAPHY & MARINE SCIENCE

An extensive series utilizing many multiple
images to present a comprehensive and
integrated approach to the total spectrum
of marine biology and oceanography. Solid
science wonderfully detailed!

PLANKTON, ZOOPLANKTON & SEAWEEDS
Very comprehensive coverage of the tiny organisms that are the basis of the marine food pyramid, and the important marine plants. 6 pgms. 95 slides and guides.
EPSS-0825X SLIDES
$179.95

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SAVE OVER $67.00 ON 6 SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER EP #SS-0825X.....$179.95
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PLANKTON COMMUNITIES Slides order #SS-0825S.......$42.50

Beginning with a discussion of plankton, this program compares phytoplankton
and zooplankton. It offers a detailed view of the relationship between the two, and
discusses the dependence on various levels of the food chain by developing fish. 15
frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0825F.......$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 4. Diatoms generally reproduce by asexual fission. Under favor-
able conditions diatoms may reproduce two or three times a day. If all of the progeny survived a
single diatom could potentially give rise to some 100 million descendants within a month.
Conditions that foster such exponential growth are generally short-lived in marine waters
however, being confined to a relatively brief period in the spring in polar waters and in the spring
and fall in temperate waters. During these seasonal blooms the surface waters are replenished
with nitrates and phosphates by vertical water movements that accompany seasonal turnovers of
the thermocline. The onset of blooms also coincides with conditions of ample illumination and
sufficient thermocline stability to maintain diatom populations above the compensation level.
Under such favorable conditions the surface waters become colored yellow-brown due to the
tremendous populations of diatoms, sometimes billions in every gallon of surface seawater.

Polar waters experience only a single diatom bloom each year. This occurs during the
local summer months in high-latitude arctic and Antarctic waters when the sun's illumination is
sufficient to foster a bloom. Temperate waters are generally characterized by two diatom blooms
per year, one in the spring and another in the autumn. Onset of the spring bloom is correlated
with increasing illumination that penetrates surface waters already primed with nutrients by the
winter thermocline turnover. Phytoplankton blooms are generally short-lived because the
available nutrient salts are soon incorporated into organic compounds and removed from the
surface waters. The autumn bloom in temperate waters occurs when nutrient salts are recycled
into the surface waters as the stable summer thermocline breaks down. The autumn bloom is
limited by the diminishing incidence of solar radiation.

Diatom blooms are soon followed by population explosions of herbivorous zooplankton
and their predators. Not only are diatoms the principal producers of chemical energy in polar and
temperate waters, they are the ultimate source of many vitamins as well. The vitamins A and D
in cod liver oil, for example, have been traced back through the food chain from cod to small
capelin fish to synthesis in diatoms.
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PHYTOPLANKTON Slides order #SS-1025S........$42.50

Examines the microscopic algae that inhabit sunlit surface waters and their role
as the productive base of most marine food chains. Diatoms, the dominant phytoplankton
in cool, polar water, and dinoflagellates, which abound in warm tropical waters, are
considered. Other forms of phytoplankton, along with their various characteristics, are
also viewed. 15 frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip order SS-1025F.....$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 3. The two most important types of phytoplankton are the dia-
toms and the dinoflagellates. Diatoms are the dominant phytoplankton of cool polar waters, while
dinoflagellates abound in warm tropical waters.

Diatoms belong to the class Bacillariophyceae of the golden-brown algae, phylum
Chrysophyta. Diatom size ranges from just visible, 1 or 2 mm long, to extremely tiny forms, as
small as 2 microns, and remember 1 micron = 1/1000 mm. Diatoms are distinguished by
elaborate shells or frustules of glass-like silica. Each frustule is composed of two overlapping
valves or thecae. A larger epitheca overlaps a smaller hypotheca, much as the lid of a pillbox fits
over a smaller bottom. Both valves are often highly ornamented with intricate patterns of pits and
perforations intermixed with spikes and thorn-like extensions. The valves have various shapes,
with radially symmetrical forms (Centricae) predominating in marine waters and bilateral types
(Pennatae) in fresh waters. Diatoms are the predominant phytoplankton in cool temperate and
polar waters. Diatoms are also found in freshwater plankton and in moist soils. Benthic forms
glide about bottom substrata in marine and freshwater shallows. Diatoms may exist as solitary
individuals or several may be joined together to form ladder-like chains.
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MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON Order #233..........$42.50

A captivating glimpse of the major divisions of algae that comprise marine
phytoplankton--the most abundant primary producers in the sea. Representative species
of diatoms (Bacillariophyta), dinoflagellates (Pyrrhophyta), golden algae (Chrysophyta)
and bluegreen algae (Cyanophyta) are presented. Covers morphology, physiology,
reproduction and ecological significance. 20 slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 23046 The cell wall of diatoms is a rigid structure that cannot
enlarge in diameter after it is formed. Consequently, as each cell divides, the smaller of the two
overlapping valves forms a new wall inside itself, making the new frustrule slightly smaller than its
“twin.” Thus, with each successive division, a segment of the population becomes smaller.
Eventually a frustrule becomes so small that it is no longer capable of dividing vegetatively.

Alternatively, the cell undergoes a developmental sequence that leads to the formation of
auxospores, as seen here in Lithodesmium. This stage will result eventually in the restoration of
the maximum size of the species. The formation of auxospores can be a vegetative or sexual
process, depending on the species and the environmental conditions. Some species can be
induced to form auxospores by regulating the environment, although the cell may not have
reached its minimum size.

REVIEWS: "Clear visuals...informative...clearly written." Booklist.
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ZOOPLANKTON Slides order #SS-1035S.........$42.50

A plankton community features representatives from almost every group of
marine animals. This study considers the types of permanent plankton, or holoplankton,
along with several categories of meroplankton. The permanent plankton spend entire
lives drifting in sunlit surface waters, while other organisms exist in the planktonic state
for only a portion of their life cycles. 15 frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip order
SS-1035F.....$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 10. After the copepods, the most abundant types of crustaceans
in the permanent plankton are the euphausiacea. Euphausids are somewhat larger than
copepods, varying in length from one to two inches, with shrimp-like bodies. Well- developed
abdominal appendages are used for swimming. Filter-feeding forms have long setae on their
thoracic appendages that form a funnel-shaped net. Diatoms and/or zooplankton are trapped in
this filter basket as the euphausid swims forward. Other euphausids are raptorial feeders that
actively pursue arrow worms and other large prey. The thoracic setae of these forms are poorly
developed but their elongated third thoracic appendages are armed with pincers.

Euphausids are found at all depths of the water column. Many populations are compo-
nents of deep scattering layers that undergo diurnal vertical migrations, rising to forage in the
productive surface waters after sunset and then sinking by sunrise to the aphotic zone. Others
reside entirely among the surface plankton. Shown here is Euphausia superba, a two-inch polar
form that is the chief food of many baleen whales. These euphausids are known as "krill" to
mariners. They feed on diatoms, and in Antarctic waters during the December to March bloom
euphausids transform some 3,500 square miles of surface waters into a milky, reddish-tinted
"soup."
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SEAWEEDS Slides order #SS-1030S........$34.95

This presentation takes a look at the adaptations which allow the various forms
of seaweed to flourish in intertidal zones. Discusses the phytopigments and morphology
of both simple and multicelled plants. Some of the varieties of seaweed found in the
world oceans are studied. 10 frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip SS-1030F....$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 7. The kelps are an assemblage of large, subtidal brown sea-
weeds that belong to four families, of which Laminariaceae contains the most familiar members.
Kelps include the largest of all seaweeds; some attain lengths of 100 m. Accompanying their
unusually large sizes is the development of cell specializations to extents that are unparalleled in
other algae groups. The kelp thallus is differentiated into three cell layers: an outer epidermis, a
cortex and a central medulla. The epidermis consists of one or two cell layers that cover the
outer surface of the kelp. Beneath the epidermis is a layer of tightly-packed cells called the
cortex. An inner medulla consists of elongated cells that are interconnected by shorter cells that
run crosswise. The elongated filaments run along the long axis of the seaweed and are believed
to conduct materials throughout the plant. Photosynthesis occurs in the epidermal and outer
cortex cells, which contain chloroplasts.
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SEAWEEDS Order #229..........$42.50

An introduction to these interesting, diverse and little known algae. Includes
representatives of the three divisions--Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta.
Interesting facts, uses, range and habitat are discussed. 20 slides and detailed guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 19893 This seaweed, Ulva, is able to grow in brackish waters.
The plants shown here were raked off the mud flats in an estuary near Hong Kong. Ulva, often
called sea lettuce, is sometimes cooked in soup by the poorer Chinese. However, the seaweed is
low in protein and not very nutritious. And because it is thoroughly washed before cooking, most
of the minerals naturally present are removed.

Bays of slow-moving water are often habitat for the hardy Ulva, which can flourish in
sluggish and even organically polluted environs. Huge sheets of Ulva also grow in the quiet, cold
waters of Washington State’s Puget Sound. Truly an adaptable alga, sea lettuce prefers a
moderately exposed situation on rocks and in pools and quiet shallow coastal waters all over the
world.

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FRESHWATER PLANKTON Order #SS-0095S........$34.95

Photomicrographs of microscopic plants and animals that show great seasonal
fluctuations in our freshwater lakes, streams and ponds. 15 frames and guide. (Filmstrip
#SS-0095F.......$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 6. The next largest group of plankton are the Dinoflagellata,
undulipodiated organisms which, though less numerous, are a greater source of nutrition for the
zooplankton (the consumers). Several species such as the one depicted also occur in marine
environments.
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FRESHWATER BIOLOGY Order #SS-0090S.......$49.95

Introduces a fresh water environment with examples of food chains. Emphasizes
microscopic and insect life. Concludes with a brief consideration of the adaptation of
organisms to this habitat. 25 frames and guide. (Filmstrip #SS-0090F.......$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 6. Of the few algae that can live in running water, these
filamentous algal forms (left) are the best suited, since they can bend with the currents. Algal
mats (right) often form on the surface of water which has excessive nutrients (such as
phosphorus from detergents).
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~0202-080~ Marine phytoplankton (Ceratium platycoryne). photo by Richard G. Zingmark, Ph.D.

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