ZOOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS

The prolific use of detailed artwork intro-
duces the many worlds of zoological
science and the classifications that syste-
matize its diversity. Discounts of 25% or
more on bundled sets.

ZOOLOGY--AN INTRODUCTION
Introduces the scope of zoology and its primary divisions of invertebrates and vertebrates. Extensive, detailed graphics. 4 pgms. 112 slides. Very extensive texts.
EPSS-0665X SLIDES
$169.95

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SAVE OVER $49.00 ON 4 SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER EP #SS-0665X.....$169.95
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INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY Slides order #SS-0695S..........$54.95

Facts about animals have become so numerous, and so many aspects of
animal life have been uncovered that zoology has diversified into a myriad of allied
sciences. This program tours the field of zoology through detailed artwork and provides
a strong background for further study. 28 slides and extensive guide. (Filmstrip order
SS-0695F.......$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 11. Taxonomy is the proper naming of organisms. Unique, uni-
versally accepted names are crucial to biological research; knowledge must be unambiguously
recorded to be useful. A taxonomic system, then, serves as a readily available catalog of
up-to-date information and economically describes the organisms; very practical. In addition,
such a system attempts to show the degree of evolutionary relationships between groups of
animals.

The classification of animals is based on the notions of the species, defined by some as
a group of organisms of interbreeding natural populations sharing in common gene pools and
reproductively isolated from other groups. Species characteristics include morphological traits,
reproductive structures and behavior, genetic make-up, range and so forth.

Carolus Linnaeus, an 18th century Swedish botanist, introduced the idea of binomial
nomenclature to uniquely label each kind of organism. The proper name of any animal is the
combination of genus and species, using Latin or latinized words. Each genus is unique and
may not be used for any other group while the specific names are often duplicated in other
groups. As an example, the correct name for the tiger is: Genus Panthera, species tigris, both
italicized (or underlined) and only the genus capitalized. It is common to find further divisions
into subspecies, races or varieties.

Several species make up a genus, several genera a family and so on, through order,
class and phylum with numerous opportunities for finer distinctions such as subphylum,
subclass and other. Phyla may then be grouped into larger divisions; grades, branches,
subkingdoms and kingdom. One such scheme and the complete classifications of the tiger and
the katydid (an insect) are presented here.

The phylum is the largest taxonomic unit and higher groupings, branches, etc., are more
a convenience than precisely defined categories. Depending upon which authority is cited, there
are 20 to 25 phyla of the animal kingdom. But taxonomy is dynamic rather than static and
reordering of these groups is a common practice.
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INTRODUCTION TO THE INVERTEBRATES Slides order #SS-0665S............$72.50

Skilled artwork surveys the invertebrate phyla stressing basic body plans, level
and body organization, classification, evolution and physiological parameters. Perfect for
introductory zoology and invertebrate biology. 39 slides and extensive guide.(Filmstrip
SS-0665F...$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 15 A representative of each of these pseudocoelomate groups
is presented here. Note their diverse body forms. Acanthocephalans are parasites that
attach to the intestines of vertebrates by means of a hooked proboscis. Entoprocts are sessile,
colonial animals that inhabit shallow marine waters. The remaining pseudocoelomate groups are
sometimes classified within the superphylum Aschelminthes. Rotifers are minute aschelminths
that are abundant in virtually all fresh waters; a few are parasitic and some inhabit the ocean.
Nematodes, or roundworms, are ubiquitous in most habitats throughout the world, and many are
parasitic. The remaining aschelminth groups are not as abundant or ecologically important as
the rotifers and gastrotrichs which are microscopic animals that are fairly common in still and
fresh waters and marine sands. Kinorhynchs are tiny animals that inhabit muddy bottoms in
shallow marine waters. Nematomorphs, or horsehair worms, parasitize insects as juveniles
before emerging into fresh water as free-living adults.

The relative benefits of the pseudocoelomate condition is evidenced by the variety of
forms and lifestyles of the pseudocoelomate groups. On the other hand, the functional
limitations of the pseudocoelomate condition can be inferred by the relatively small size of the
free-living pseudocoelomates (although some of the parasites attain moderate lengths).
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INVERTEBRATES Slides order #SS-0210S.........$42.50

A broad selection of full color photos, surveying invertebrate organisms from
protozoa through echinoderms. Presents a photographic image of the intact organism
that complements the artwork provided in the previous title. Intended as a quick
introduction, not a detailed presentation. 2O slides and guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0210F
..........$15.00.)
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INTRODUCTION TO THE VERTEBRATES Slides order #SS-0670S........$49.95

Skilled artwork surveys vertebrate representatives through a comparative study
of body plans. Includes hemichordates, cephalochordates, cyclostomes, cartilaginous
and bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. 25 slides and extensive
guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0670F.....$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 13. The energy requirements of any animal are met by feeding,
but oxygen is required to release the energy bound up in foods. As oxygen is used carbon
dioxide is released; this is respiration. Vertebrates respire by taking in oxygen from the water or
air through gills or lungs. In either case the respiratory surfaces must be kept thin and moist to
allow diffusion of gases between the outside environment and the capillaries of the circulatory
system.

The gills of fishes are composed of numerous thin filaments covered with plate-like
lamellae which are generously supplied with blood capillaries. Double rows of filaments attach to
a gill arch and point to the rear. Gill rakers in front of the filaments strain out food particles and
debris. The gill structures lie inside the pharyngeal cavity on each side of the head and are
covered by the hard operculum, a movable, protective flap. The fishes then continuously pump
water into the mouth, across the gills and out the operculum in order to extract the precious
oxygen dissolved in the water. The cartilaginous fishes have no opercula but have gill slits
through which water flows. It is interesting to note that the flow of water over the gills is opposite
to the direction of blood flow (counter-current flow), the most efficient means for extracting
oxygen from the water.

The appearance of lungs allowed the transition from water to land and the ancestral
lungfishes probably were the first to breathe air. In the amphibians we find the first truly
air-breathing animals, at least in adult stages. Amphibian lungs are simple, sac-like structures
with little or no internal compartmentalization, hence these simple lungs are relatively inefficient.
Modern, and presumably ancient, amphibians also respire through their moist skins and mouths
making up for limited lung capacity.
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