ZOOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS

The prolific use of detailed artwork intro-
duces the many worlds of zoological
science and the classifications that syste-
matize its diversity. Discounts of 25% or
more on bundled sets.

INTRODUCTION TO VERTEBRATES
Detailed artwork surveys the basic struc- tures, functions, adaptations and evolu- tionary history of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals.5 pgms.100 slides,guides.
EPSS-0700X SLIDES
$169.95

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SAVE OVER $52.00 ON FIVE SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER EP #SS-0700X....$169.95
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INTRODUCTION TO FISHES Order #SS-0700S ......$49.95

A carefully done series of graphics surveys the external and internal anatomy of
a typical fish, fish reproduction and development, scales, color patterns, sound
production, ancient species and systematics. 25 slides and extensive guide. (Filmstrip
order SS-0700F........$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 11. The brain may be divided into three regions: the forebrain,
composed of the cerebral hemispheres and the thalamus; the midbrain and the hindbrain, made
up of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.

The medulla is an extension of the spinal cord and receives motor and sensory nerves
from the skin and special organs of the neck and head. In addition the medulla regulates
involuntary functions such as heartbeat and respiration. In most fishes the centers of taste are
also located in the vagal lobes of the medulla. The cerebellum lies above the medulla and
controls posture and equilibrium as well as receiving the sensory impulses from the ears and
lateral line system.

The midbrain developed as the primary visual center. The gray matter of the midbrain
roof (tectum) not only receives sensory input from the eyes but also coordinates information from
other parts of the brain and thus acts as the overall integrator of behavior.
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INTRODUCTION TO AMPHIBIANS Order #SS-0690S .......$42.50

A unique presentation about a favorite and interesting group of vertebrates.
Skillful artwork is used to examines a number of biological facets, including syste-
matics, regeneration, reproduction, foods and feeding and anatomy. 2O slides and
extensive guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0690F........$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 1. Amphibians, in a sense, are intermediate between the com-
pletely aquatic fishes and the mostly terrestrial reptiles. The obvious feature separating fish from
amphibians is the presence of limbs in amphibians. The crucial distinction between amphibians
and reptiles is the nature of their eggs. Amphibian eggs are anamniotic and lack a protective
coat. Therefore they must be deposited in wet surroundings or they soon dry up. Reptilian eggs,
on the other hand, possess an outer shell and develop three embryonic membranes (the amnion,
chorion and allantois). This allowed the reptiles to inhabit dry land whereas amphibians are
forever confined to a dual existence, air-breathing adults that must return to water to breed. Aside
from the difference in eggs, the development of amphibians includes an aquatic larval stage
followed by metamorphosis to the adult. In contrast, reptiles hatch as small versions of the adult,
without a larval stage.
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INTRODUCTION TO REPTILES Order #SS-0685S.......$42.50

One of the most interesting, yet least-known classes of vertebrates, although
many are kept for pets. The anatomy and basic biology of the four living orders, snakes,
lizards, turtles and crocodilians, are examined through detailed art-work. Turtle
anatomy, the feeding mechanisms of snakes, and contrasts between crocodiles and
alligators are considered. 2O slides and extensive guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0685F....
$15.00.)


CONTENT SAMPLE: 9. The reptilian heart is three-chambered, except in the croco-
dilians which possess the first four-chambered heart of the vertebrates. The right and left atria are
completely separate in all reptiles. Varying degrees of ventricular separation are found among the
reptilian hearts, from virtually no septum in some lizards to total partitioning in the crocodilians.

Non-oxygenated blood is carried to the sinus venosus from the posterior vena cava and
two anterior venae cavae (from the head and forelimbs) and then into the right aortic arch which
becomes the dorsal aorta. Incomplete ventricular septa mean that the blood entering the right
aortic arch is a mixture of oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood. The dorsal aorta supplies the
numerous renal arteries as well as the arteries to the gonads. It continues posteriorly forming
the iliac (hind-limb) arteries and the caudal (tail) artery.

Venous blood from the hind limbs and tail may return to the heart through the renal
portal vein and then the posterior vena cava or by entering the abdominal veins which flow through
the hepatic portal system, the hepatic vein and then to the vena cava. The jugular veins of the
head and the subclavian (forelimb) veins return blood to the heart via the sinus venosus, formed
by the junction of the posterior vena cava and the anterior venae cavae (also called the common
cardinals).
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INTRODUCTION TO THE BIRDS Order #SS-0675S ......$44.95

Skillful graphics present the birds, stressing diagnostic characteristics,
anatomy, systematics and several physiological adaptations. 22 slides and extensive
guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0675F......$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 6. Adaptation to flight may best be represented by the nature
of the bird's skeleton. The skeleton's main function is to protect, to support the body and posture
and to articulate the wings and legs.

In order to concentrate the weight over the legs and under the wings, birds' bodies are
much shortened compared to reptiles. The powerful muscles of the wings need a solid
anchorage (the sternum and keel) and the pelvis must allow for balancing while the legs are in
use. Some bones found in other vertebrates are missing in the birds while others are fused. All
bones are very strong. Many are filled with air sacs (pneumatized). This is a great advantage for
flying. Yet gulls and kiwis do not have these hollow bones.

The skull is light; most bones are fused except in young, orbits for the eyes are large
and olfactory organs are limited to save weight in the skull. There are no teeth.

The vertebrae are very mobile in the neck but fused elsewhere. A rigid backbone is
necessary for stable flight and for an easy bipedal posture. The caudal (tail) vertebrae allow
limited motion and end in the pygostyle as a support for the tail feathers.

The wings are highly modified from the walking forelimbs of the reptiles. The hind legs
are more similar. Ribs are doubly articulated and extend from the fused thoracic vertebrae to the
large, shield-shaped sternum. In powerful fliers a large, thin keel on the sternum provides
attachment space for the wing muscles. Flightless birds have little or no keel.
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INTRODUCTION TO MAMMALS Order #SS-0680S........$42.50

A graphical tour of the mammalian orders, illustrating specific representatives.
Numerous aspects of biology and physiology are treated. 2O slides and extensive guide.
(Filmstrip order SS-0680F.....$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 5. Mammals are second only to birds as the most active
animals. This considerable activity and a high rate of metabolism in the face of changing
environmental conditions, make the mammals a very successful group.

Mammals as a group are warm-blooded. They are homoiothermic and keep body
temperature within a narrow range, regardless of ambient temperature. The source of body heat
is metabolic, powered by their high intake of food. The temperature regulating mechanism is the
hypothalamus of the brain. It reacts to small differences in body temperature and coordinates
nerve impulses from temperature receptors in the skin. The skin is of great importance in
conserving or disposing of excess heat from the body. Insulating layers of hair and/or fat prevent
heat loss in cold weather. The sweat glands, when present, dissipate heat by evaporative
cooling. Dogs and other canines, for example, have few if any sweat glands and sweat through
their tongues and respiratory surfaces to throw off excess heat, as shown in the upper left.

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REFER TO INDIVIDUAL CATEGORIES FOR DETAILED COVERAGE OF EACH CLASS
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RELATED PROGRAMS WORTH NOTING


ZOOLOGY TERM TUTOR Order #C-3093P.............$39.95

Concepts from our ZOOLOGY programs!

A NEW low cost computer utility to teach fundamentals while entertaining
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Comes with two backups. IBM PC only. (Order C-3093M for 5.25 disk.)
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0700c11b Shark central nervous system. graphic by Educational Images Ltd.

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