FISH, AMPHIBIANS and REPTILES

The first steps up the vertebrate ladder!
Aquatic vertebrates (fish) and the first to
transition from water to land (amphibians
and reptiles), able to free themselves from
water by developing amniotic eggs.

FISHES AND THEIR WORLDS
Adaptation, coloration and behavior with particular emphasis on fish of the Gulf of California. Spawning runs of the grunion. 3 pgms. 65 slides and scholarly texts.
EP #457X SLIDES
$99.95

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SAVE OVER $29.00 ON 3 SLIDE SET BUNDLE Order EP #457X.......$99.95
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SIGNIFICANCE OF COLORATION AMONG REEF FISHES Order #457..........$42.50

Presents the behavioral significance of coloration among reef fishes. Includes
information on color differences between adults and juveniles, protective coloration,
intraspecific communication, conspicuous and warning coloration, and courtship
behavior. Fishes include basses, scorpionfishes, wrasses, damselfishes, angels and
butterflyfishes, and others. Most species presented are from the Gulf of California,
some never before photographed. 20 slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 21493 Very conspicuous spots, especially when outlined by
contrasting rings, have been termed ocelli, or eye spots, from the Latin meaning "little eyes."
Classically, and largely as a result of their function in other animals, ocelli have been explained
as "false eyes" that, if flashed quickly, act to either frighten a predator or to deflect its attack to
less vital parts of the body. Many fishes, like this raccoon butterflyfish (Chaetodon lunula), have
ocelli near the tail. In theory a predator attacking these false eyes would be less successful in
capturing its prey than if it had attacked the head and real eyes. However, some fishes have
large, distinct ocelli near their real eyes. This and evidence of other functions of ocelli cast some
doubt upon these explanations for eye spots.

The dorsal ocellus of this butterflyfish gradually disappears as the fish grows and some
interesting theories have been formulated to account for this kind of juvenile--adult color change.
One theory holds that in territorial species ocelli serve as signals to adults and act to decrease
the amount of aggression directed by them against juveniles. Since juveniles may retreat into
crevices that are too small for adults, they may exist well within the adult's territory. If an adult
spent as much time chasing a juvenile from its territory as it did chasing another adult, it might
have time for little else. Therefore, it has been suggested that adults learn to associate this
different color pattern with their inability to chase juveniles very far, and their consequent
tolerance of them to some degree. Since the frequency of aggressive encounters is lessened,
both adult and juvenile have more time to spend feeding and defending against other territorial
intruders.

REVIEWS: “There are wonderfully detailed notes accompanying the slides.
Recommended.” Previews.
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FISHES OF THE SEA OF CORTEZ Order #458..........$42.50

A general survey of the fish fauna of the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez). A
unique assemblage of fishes, some found in no other part of the world, the result of
several factors. Text describes these environmental conditions in reference to each
species presented and gives interesting facts concerning various aspects of behavior
such as territoriality among similar species, breeding behavior, predator-prey
relationships, color significances, stress due to changing temperature regime, symbiotic
relationships, etc. 20 slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 21541 Another very specialized group of fishes includes the
familiar seahorses (family Syngnathidae). The Pacific seahorse (Hippocampus ingens) is easy
to identify in the Sea of Cortez because it is the only seahorse species in the entire eastern
Pacific Ocean. The body of a seahorse is encased in bony plates and is thus relatively inflex-
ible, except for the tail which curls around seaweeds or soft coral called seawhips. Using their
dorsal and pectoral fins, seahorses are able to swim, but only slowly and without much force.

Pipefishes are in the same family as seahorses and are similar in construction except
that they are even more elongated and their tails extend out straight. They are also better
swimmers. Male pipefishes and seahorses brood eggs deposited by the female in a ventral
brood pouch. Unlike many other fishes, seahorses do not go through a free-living larval stage.
When the young hatch, they pop out of the brood pouch looking like miniature adults.

REVIEWS: “...quite beautiful and interesting.” Previews.
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THE GRUNION STORY Order #SS-0005.........$44.95

The grunion run is a major annual event on California beaches eagerly awaited by
both man and animals. A beautiful selection of color photos presents the life cycle of the
grunion, including spawning sequence when they come ashore to lay eggs, and tidal
influences on the reproductive cycle. 25 slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 5. Characteristically they appear on the more southern beaches
(below) before arriving on the northern ones (above). Here, line thickness represents fish density.
After approximately three hours there are almost none left.
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~0410-061~ Lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus). photo by Charles R. Belinky, Ph.D.

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