FISH, AMPHIBIANS and REPTILES

The first steps up the vertebrate ladder!
Aquatic vertebrates (fish) and the first to
transition from water to land (amphibians
and reptiles), able to free themselves from
water by developing amniotic eggs.

DANGEROUS MARINE ANIMALS
The wide range of organisms, from toxins to coelenterates, reptiles and fish that can present a danger to man. Avoidance and treatment. 2 pgms. 40 slides and guides.
EP #478X SLIDES
$72.50

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SAVE OVER $12.00 ON 2 SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER #478X........$72.50
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VENOMOUS AND POISONOUS MARINE ANIMALS Order #478 ........$42.50

Surveys marine animals which are potentially dangerous to man and other
marine animals, the nature of the threat, means of avoidance and treatment of wounds.
Coverage includes man-o-war and other coelenterates, crown-of-thorns and other
echinoderms, cones, molluscs, worms, venomous fish, puffers, ciguatera poisoning,
and sea snakes. 20 slides and detailed guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 21950 The class Chondrichthyes is made up of cartilaginous
fishes such as sharks, rays and chimaeras. Among them, only a few species of sharks are
known to be venomous. To date, only two families, Heterodontidae and Squalidae, are reported
to include venomous species. These two families are characterized by sharks with dorsal fin
spines, which are not typical of most other families.

This horn shark (Heterodontus francisci) from the Gulf of California, possesses two
venomous spines on the anterior portion of the dorsal fins. Envenomations from this species
occur when anglers handle struggling fish while attempting to remove the hook.

The spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) is another venomous shark from the Eastern
Pacific. Again, injuries are the result of stings while live specimens are handled.

The toxin of venomous sharks is contained within the tissue embedded in a groove along
the spine. Almost nothing is known about the toxic properties of the venom. Experiments
conducted on laboratory animals indicate the venom is comparatively mild. Nonetheless, human
envenomation can produce intense pain. Swelling of the injured area can persist for several
days. Clinical reports claim some species of Squalus can induce fatal stings. This, however,
remains unconfirmed.

Pain can be relieved by soaking the wound in very hot water for 30 minutes or longer. It
may be necessary to use antibiotics and antitetanus agents to prevent infections in more severe
cases.

REVIEWS: "...unique...informative..." Previews.
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DANGEROUS MARINE ORGANISMS Slides order #SS-0190S.........$42.50

Serves to help identify organisms hazardous to man. Exciting examples of
camouflage, protective armature, and weapons of attack, among other features. 20
frames and guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0190F .......$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 7. Many of the rays (related to sharks) possess caudal stings
for defense that resemble large notched thorns with poisonous venom. The venom is secreted by
tissue that grows in the notches. Many rays are covered with sand in shallow waters and can be
avoided by shuffling your feet as you advance.
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~0410-092~ Spotted sharpnose puffer (Canthigaster punctatissima). Photo by Alex Kerstitch

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