FISH, AMPHIBIANS and REPTILES

The first steps up the vertebrate ladder!
Aquatic vertebrates (fish) and the first to
transition from water to land (amphibians
and reptiles), able to free themselves from
water by developing amniotic eggs.

FISH RESTORATION & EXPLOITATION
Restoration of fish habitats and stocks, trout hatchery, artificial cultivation, commercial fishing. 4 programs, 80 slides, detailed texts.
EP #449X SLIDES
$129.95

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SAVE OVER $47.00 ON 4 SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER #449X........$129.95
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RESTORATION OF THE AMERICAN SHAD Order #449.........$42.50

An environmental triumph! A victory over pollution and shortsighted priorities.
The story of one of New England's most successful fisheries management programs--the
successful return of the American shad to many of its ancestral waters. Photos include
shad, its habitat, barriers to migration, fish lifts and fish ladders. 20 slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 21267 Flowing water is necessary to attract the shad, because
they guide their migrations by swimming into it. This behavior is known as positive rheotaxis, and
is the same characteristic that keeps stream fish facing into current to prevent them from being
swept downstream.

To lure shad into the vicinity of the fish lift, a quantity of water is diverted into a channel
which carries it through the lift and into the fishway below. The shad follow the strong flow of
current into the fishway and up to the section of channel immediately below the lift. The
efficiency of the lifting operation seems to be dependent on the amount of current flowing down
the fishway.

Power company customers need not worry about losing power because of the water
diversion; this is surplus water not being used to generate electricity.

REVIEWS: “Good pictures and concepts.” Maryland Review and Evaluation Center.
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FISH HATCHERY Order #441..........$42.50

A close look at some of the day to day work of a fisheries biologist. Trout must
be raised in captivity and released to ensure that plenty of vigorous, healthy fish are
available to sportsmen. This program shows all stages of captive development, begin-
ning with obtaining eggs from fish ready to spawn, the rearing of larvae and fry, and the
release of adult fish.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 20136 A female trout lays approximately 1,600 eggs in one
spawning season. The intervention of fish hatchery personnel and artificial spawning insures that
most of these eggs will survive. At Story, three to six million eggs are collected annually. Many
of these are traded to other states for their stocking programs, some are even sent abroad.

By gently squeezing the females' abdomens, fisheries workers first collect the eggs in a
pan. When first squeezed, the eggs come out in a strong stream (left); the last eggs come out
more slowly (right).

REVIEWS: “Good concepts good photography." Maryland Review & Evaluation
Center.
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FISHERIES & MARICULTURE Slides order #SS-0795S...........$49.95

Presents a scientific view of fishing, how fish finding has changed, and how the
industry is predicted to evolve in the future. Discusses the nutritional value of fish and
fish byproducts. The increasing viability of mariculture, particularly in conjunction with
sewage disposal, is considered. 20 frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip order
SS-0795F........$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 8. The rapid increase in the world catch is more a reflection of
more efficient methods of fish finding and processing than of fundamental changes in fishing gear
itself. Four general types of fishing gear (illustrated at upper left) have accounted for most of the
world catch since the beginning of this century. Three of these methods involve netting fish and
the fourth employs a long line of hooks.

Drift-netting or gill-netting involves laying out a vertical wall of netting with meshes just
large enough for a fish's head to be caught by the opercula covering its gills. This method is
employed principally for herring and is most productive at night. Several miles of netting are
played out to form a continuous vertical wall that hangs between 10 and 60 ft below the surface.

Trawling presently accounts for more than 30 percent of the annual world catch. A large
conical net is towed through the water or along the sea floor. A pair of lateral otter boards extend
the mouth of the net and fish accumulate in the closely-woven tapered mesh. Some modern
otter-trawls are 100 feet wide. Both pelagic and demersal fish are caught.

Purse seining or ring-netting, involves surrounding a school of fish with a wall of
fine-mesh netting and then concentrating the catch by hauling in the net. A scoop-net is then
used to haul the catch aboard the mother vessel. Purse seines are increasingly used to capture
small schooling planktivores such as herring, sardines and anchovies. In the photograph at lower
left, fishermen seine salmon in Alaskan waters. At right, the massive nets used by large modern
tuna seiners are hauled out for repairs.

Long-lining captures large pelagic fish such as tuna and bonito as well as demersal fish
such as cod and halibut. In this technique a long line is laid out which at intervals bears lateral
leaders with baited hooks. Modern Japanese vessels can lay down and recover more than 50
miles of such lines per day.
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FARMING THE SEA Order #474..........$42.50

Surveys the status of raising a crop from the sea. Covers the cultivation of a
variety of marine creatures suitable for rearing, harvesting and marketing: oysters,
abalones, mussels, shrimps, lobsters, yellowtails, and other marine animals. Text
provides up-to-date information on the potentials of mariculture, techniques of growing
marine resources, and problems. 20 slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 24321 Growing seafoods of high value has been of major
interest in mariculture. Highly prized as delicacies, lobsters bring the highest price of any
seafood and have been artificially cultivated successfully. Hatcheries have focused their
attention primarily on the clawed American lobster, Homarus americanus (top), in the United
States, and H. vulgaris in Europe. The spiny lobster, Panulirus (bottom), has been cultivated
mostly experimentally in Australia and Japan.

In spite of the high demand for lobster, several farming problems not usually encountered
in the production of other marine invertebrates have had some affect on their suitability for
mariculture. One of the disadvantages of commercially cultivating lobsters is their relatively slow
growth rate. It may take over five years for most species to reach a marketable size of 250 mm
(about 10 in.). Another problem is the cannibalistic nature of lobsters held in captivity.
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~0410-050~ Fish elevator at dam. photo by William R. Kenney.

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