BIRDS, MAMMALS and OTHER ANIMALS

Exciting pictures & detailed, specialized in-
formation on a wide variety of species and
their adaptations. Coverage includes birds,
primates,endangered, exotics,scavengers,
marine, nocturnal,aggression, learning,etc.

HORNS, HOMES, TERRITORIES, EXOTICS
Little understood phenomena--horns and antlers, animal homes, territoriality, exotic (introduced) species, learning, predation. 4 pgms, 80 slides & very detailed guides.
EP #172X SLIDES
$129.95

***************************************************************************************************************
SAVE OVER $40.00 ON 4 SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER EP #172X..........$129.95
***************************************************************************************************************

HORNS AND ANTLERS--THEIR EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIORAL SIGNIFICANCE
Order #438.............$42.50

Traces the development and convergent evolution of horns and antlers in bovids,
giraffids, cervids, pronghorn and rhinoceroses. Their highly varied forms are illustrated
and their function in agonistic encounters, displays, aggression, defense and courtship
are detailed. Animals illustrated include Rocky Mountain goat, ibex, bighorn sheep,
water buffalo, cape buffalo, bison, wisent, roan antelope, Speke's gazelle, white bearded
gnu, blackbucks, Beisa oryx, addax, giraffe, fallow deer, reindeer, elk, Pere David's deer,
moose, pronghorn antelope and white rhino. 20 slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 15166 True horns are composed of independent bone elements
called ossicones which grow from the skin covering of the forehead. Ossicones are porous or
cancellous in structure and, although not originally part of the skull, become fused to it soon after
birth. Ossicones are usually small and rather conservative in form. They form only the cores of
the horns, and are overlain by a horny or cornified sheath which grows from the skin. It is this
sheath that is largely responsible for the great diversity of horn sizes and shapes seen among the
bovids, a dramatic example of which is presented by this ibex (Capra ibex), a true goat whose
ancestors were first domesticated 8,000 to 9,000 years ago in Southwest Asia.

Usually seen in rugged mountain country amid rocky crags or grazing just below
snowline, ibexes frequent a rough, broken environment where few predators can safely venture.
They usually remain high in rugged, forested mountains during daytime, then descend to lower
pastures to feed during late afternoon and evening. They eat almost any plant material they can
find or reach—the leaves of trees, small shrubs, grasses, moss, etc. They migrate to lower
altitudes to pass the winter months.

Females and young usually live together in small herds. Males remain solitary and
generally higher up in the mountains than females. Young kids, born early in spring, are able to
join the herd and follow their mothers over even the roughest terrain within only one to two hours
after birth. Males are generally larger in body size than females, growing to 90 kg. Females
rarely exceed 55 kg.

REVIEW “...well written and scholarly...the slides...illustrate the concepts.” Previews.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

HOMES AND HOMESITES Order #172.........$42.50

How and why animals live where they do, the selection of a homesite, and the
different materials and methods used. Information is presented about animals which have
no home (penguin), those which transport their home as part of their bodies (land snail,
chambered nautilus, barnacle, limpet, sea urchin, stony coral), those which burrow
(earthworm, bank swallow, prairie dog, woodchuck, woodpecker), those which take over
the former homes of others (burrowing owl, hornbill, hermit crab), and those that build
their own (tent caterpillar, yellow jacket, ant, caddisfly, spider, beaver). 20 slides and
guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 20326 The nautiloids are animals of ancient lineage. Fossil
records show over 3,000 species existed in the primeval seas. Today, only three species survive
in the southwest Pacific. Shown on the left is the chambered nautilus (Nautilis pompilius), found
from the Fiji Islands to southern Australia. It may attain a diameter of up to 25 cm (10 in.).

The shell of a nautilus grows naturally in a forward spiral, and growth is in accordance
with the growth of the animal’s body within. As with snails, it is only the lip of the nautilus shell
which actually grows. But the spiraled shell of the nautilus is a physical marvel, for in structure, it
is what is known as a logarithmic spiral--essentially a cone coiled round a linear axis. The growth
of the shell is perpendicular to the axis around which it spirals.

As can be seen in the sectioned fossil nautiloid on the right, the nautilus shell is unique
in another way, too. Unlike the open spiral of a snail’s shell, the interior of the nautilus shell is
sectioned or chambered. As the shell grows, the animal moves from smaller to larger chambers.
The older, smaller chambers are sealed off, so that the body of the animal remains only in the
largest, most newly-formed chamber.

Older, discarded chambers are filled with gas, making the animal semibuoyant in the
water. Thus, the nautilus floats and swims about easily. It also has the ability to adjust the
pressure of the gas within its sealed chambers, so that it can travel deep within the ocean
without the danger of the external water pressure damaging the shell.

REVIEW: “The slides and...annotation are excellent...scholarly...highly
recommended as a basic purchase...” Previews. “...well selected photographs clarify and
illustrate the ideas...” The Science Teacher.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

TERRITORIALITY--ANIMALS AND THEIR PROPERTY Order #463.........$42.50

Introduces this fascinating aspect of animal behavior, describes many different
types of territories animals hold, and details the benefits individuals derive by reserving
some scarce resource for their own exclusive use. Presentation includes the territorial
behavior of various birds (including lek behavior), invertebrates, reptiles and amphibians,
fish, marine and terrestrial mammals, and humans. 20 slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 555 Careful observation reveals that members of an animal
species are not scattered randomly, but seem to be spread out in a more or less uniform manner
throughout suitable habitat. This spacing is the result of several kinds of social relationships.

The first is individual distance and is defined as the minimum distance that an animal
maintains between itself and other members of its species. It can be measured when animals
are congregated, but not on territories. It varies from zero in some gregarious species, to several
meters or more in solitary species. The concept is illustrated by the roughly equal spacing of
these pigeons (Columba livia) (top).

Another example can be found in humans. Americans tend to have an individual distance
of at least 60 cm (2 ft.) (bottom) and feel uncomfortable in situations that do not allow them this
spacing, such as a crowded elevator or a mass exit from a ball game or concert. We breath
easier after we get out of such crowds. In contrast, some eastern cultures have a much smaller
individual distance and these people do not feel uncomfortable in the same kinds of situations.

Encroachment within this minimum distance is responded to either by retreating or by
threatening the intruder so he moves off. When animals are forced into artificial conditions where
they cannot maintain this minimum distance, they tend to spend long hours hiding from each
other or staring at the ground or out a window.

Another important factor is home range, which is defined as the area an animal learns
and regularly patrols. Within the home range is a core area, the area of heaviest use. The size of
the home range varies widely among species. Smaller species, like the deer mouse, can find all
the resources they need in a very small area and many deer mice never move more than 10 to 20
m (30 to 65 ft.) from their birth place. Larger animals, like black bears, must search much larger
areas to find enough food and so have very large home ranges. Adult male black bears in
Pennsylvania, for instance, may have a home range of 173 sq km (76 sq miles).

REVIEWS: “...very well done...” Previews.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

EXOTIC SPECIES--THEIR IMPACT ON NORTH AMERICA Order #476.........$42.50

The results of the introduction of exotic species of wildlife into North America
and the reasons they succeeded or failed, caused problems or solved them. Includes
discussions on the niche concept, population dynamics, transplanting wildlife,
interbreeding and species adaptability. Includes house mouse, house sparrows, starling,
wild boar, cattle, carp, ring-necked pheasant, chukar, eland, tahr, fallow deer, sitatunga,
sika deer, sable antelope, mouflon, nilgai, blackbuck antelope, Barbary sheep,
gemsbok, kudu, ibex, trout, mute swan, nutria, walking catfish, Mozambique
mouthbrooder, piranha, marine toad, wild turkey, mountain goat, reindeer, burro and
cattle egret. 20 slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 23448 Most successful introductions into the United States
have occurred where man has altered the environment in one way or another, making it
unsuitable for native species but more suited to an exotic species that may have evolved in the
presence of man. An excellent example of this is the establishment of the starling (Sturnis
vulgaris).

Eighty pairs of starlings were released in Central Park, New York, in 1883 by Eugene
Schieffelin, who wanted to introduce into the United States all the species mentioned by
Shakespeare. A native of Europe, the starling had inhabited Old World cities for centuries before
its introduction into the United States. It was well-adapted to the urban environment and is an
aggressive bird, capable of displacing native species. Consequently, it spread rapidly and was
soon found in all 48 contiguous states.

The effects of this introduction have been drastic. Starlings appear to have reduced
populations of bluebirds and several species of woodpeckers by out-competing them for nesting
cavities. They cause at least a million dollars worth of crop damage each year, and invade feed
lots to eat or contaminate large amounts of feed. In 1960, 62 people died when a flock of
starlings choked the engines of a jet near Boston.

REVIEWS: “A very good text accompanies the generally fine slides.... An intriguing set
for biology and ecology classes.” Booklist. “Good pictures, concepts.” Maryland Review &
Evaluation Center.

***************************************************************************************************************
RELATED PROGRAMS WORTH NOTING
***************************************************************************************************************

LEARNING IN ANIMALS Slides order #SS-0505S......$34.95

A once-over-lightly review of basic reinforcement contingencies and their
application to the understanding of learning. 15 frames and guide. (Filmstrip order
SS-0505F.....$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 1. Behavior often results from the interplay of both instinct
and intelligence, with the influence of one or the other often predominating. Instinct implies an
inherited, unalterable response of an organism to a particular stimulus, while intelligence implies
the ability to learn and deal adaptively with new stimuli. Many animals are observed to have
considerable repertoires of instinctive behaviors. The moth, for example (upper left), can fly
moments after its final metamorphosis. Human infants (lower right), however, must acquire much
of their behaviors through experience.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

PROTECTION, ATTACK AND DEFENSE Slides order #SS-0510S.....$24.95

Social interactions of predator and prey animals are observed while uncovering
patterns of behavior such as concealment and detection. 1O frames and guide.
(Filmstrip order SS-0510F .....$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 6. Many animals are brightly colored. This may serve as an
advertisement that the animal is inedible, either because it is poisonous (coral snake), has an
unpleasant taste (monarch butterfly) or has a potent weapon (bumblebee). The bold patterns may
thus serve as a warning to would-be predators. Amazingly, many edible animals, termed mimics
(right), have evolved morphological and behavior patterns similar to their inedible models. Mimics
thus enhance their own survival by sharing in the bad reputations of their models.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


~0070-100~ Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex). photo by Charles R. Belinky, Ph.D.

Copyright (c) MCMXCVII Educational Images Ltd., Elmira, NY,USA. All rights reserved.

EDUCATIONAL IMAGES LTD.

P.O.Box 3456 Westside Station

Elmira, N.Y., USA, 14905-0456

Telephone: 800-527-4264; 607-732-1090

Fax: 607-732-1183

E-Mail: edimages@edimages.com