GEOLOGY and EARTH SCIENCE

Introduces glaciers, fossils, rock formation
and erosion, geological structures, plate
tectonics, evolution, atmospherics, astron-
omy & space science. Very rich resource
material, some at OVER 50% DISCOUNT!

FOSSILS and FOSSILIZATION
Introduces fossils, details how they are formed, the relationship between fossil and living forms, and the collection of dinosaur fossils. 4 programs, 80 slides, guides.
EP #305X SLIDES
$129.95

*****************************************************************************************************************
SAVE OVER $40.00 ON 4 SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER EP #305X.......$129.95
*****************************************************************************************************************

INTRODUCTION TO FOSSILS Slides order #305 ........$42.50

Fossils provide a record of the continuity and development of life. Formation,
techniques of uncovering, identification, indexing and significance of findings are
discussed. Pictured are algae, trilobite, graptolite, sea scorpion, starfish, brachiopod,
osteichthyes, crinoids, bryozoans, scale tree, fern, trackway, brittle star, ammonites,
belemnoid, pelecypods, teleost fish and mammoth fossils. 2O slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 13058 The crinoids seen here are also echinoderms like the
starfish. Although they are animals, they rather resemble plants. Modern types are called sea
lilies because of their stem-like attachment to the ocean floor. A few are free-floating and are
called feather stars. During Mississippian times crinoids developed at a rapid rate. This slab,
carefully cleaned to reveal their entire structure, contains several different kinds of these unusual
but widespread marine invertebrates.

The Mississippian period, dating from 345 to 310 million years ago, derives its name from
limestone bluffs along the Mississippi River where characteristic outcrops occur.

REVIEWS: "These are well done and should be useful additions to the available visual
materials on geology." W.H.M. American Geological Institute.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

FOSSILS AND THEIR LIVING KIN Slides order #306 ........$42.50

Photos of fossil remains and of a common, living descendant are paired, making
the relationship and continuity clear. Makes comprehensible the sweep of geologic time,
demonstrates graphically the continuity of life forms and their evolutionary development.
Includes fish, lobster, horsetail, dragonfly, algae, trees, snails, conifers, ferns and
mammals. 2O slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 13086 Somewhere in Mongolia, 120 million years ago, a
swampy pond went dry. The dying fish, unable to leave the pond, sank into the silt of the bottom,
disappeared and were covered over. The muck dried and hardened. Many thousands of years
passed, earth processes continued and the one-time muck became rock. In it the delicate bony
skeletons of these little fish remained; except for faint traces, the rest of the animals' bodies had
decayed soon after death.

In observing these skeletons embedded in rock, scientists called paleontologists can
determine that these fish were early members of a group of modern fish called the teleosts (higher
bony fishes). And so, although the individuals died at a particular time in a particular place, related
fishes have continued to populate the earth. This then is the story of a successful organism:
teleost fish today form the largest known group and have survived many other fish types that were
less successful in the evolutionary process.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

FOSSILIZATION: HOW FOSSILS ARE FORMED Slides order #323 ........$42.50

Describes the processes by which fossils are formed, discusses altered and
unaltered remains, molds and casts, impressions and footprints, and provides a variety of
examples. 2O slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 25606 Unaltered remains, such as this mammoth tooth
(Mammuthus columbi), are unchanged chemically or physically by long burial. Usually they are
not very old geologically, the most common are less than a million years old, dating from the
Pleistocene epoch or Ice Age.

Unaltered remains usually occur in soft, unconsolidated sediments such as glacial till
(clay, silt, sand and boulders deposited by glacial ice) or outwash (sand and gravel deposited by
glacial meltwater streams), desert or beach sand or river mud.

Mammoths being large, elephant-sized animals, they had large teeth. This tooth is 20 cm
(8 in.) long. The side view (top) shows the roots which projected into the jaw bone. The bottom
view shows the parallel plates of dentine and enamel exposed on the chewing surface. The softer
dentine wore faster than the harder enamel which projects up to provide a sharp cutting edge. The
mammoth was a grazer; the mastodon a browser.

REVIEWS: "...succinct but illuminating.... Useful...for upper elementary through com-
munity college science and geology classes." Booklist. "...affords...ideal opportunity to examine
a diverse selection of fossils without leaving their desks...well photographed specimens...accurate
and information packed.... Recommended." Media Review.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

FOSSILS, DINOSAURS AND THEIR WORLD Slides order #325 ........$42.50

At the end of the Cretaceous Period, about 65 million years ago, dinosaurs
disappeared from the earth. Rocks of the western United States preserve a glimpse of
that distant time when the last dinosaurs mingled with freshwater clams, giant lizards,
and unusual mammals. Featured are a collection of dinosaur materials and an
interpretation of the associated ecosystem. 2O slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 27119 In order to collect dinosaur fossils--or any other kind of
fossil for that matter--two things are necessary. First, the fossils have to be there, in the rock.
This means that the rocks must be of the right type and the right age. Second, the rocks must be
exposed.

Here we see sedimentary rocks of the Hell Creek Formation in Garfield County, Montana.
About 65 million years old, they are the right age for dinosaurs. They are covered, however, by
prairie grasses and short pine forests. Random digging would undoubtedly produce some fossils,
but this is not the ideal spot to collect.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~0410-090~ Teleost fish fossil. photo by Charles R. Belinky, Ph.D.

Copyright (c) MCMXCVIII Educational Images Ltd., Elmira, NY, USA. All rights reserved.

EDUCATIONAL IMAGES LTD.

P.O.Box 3456 Westside Station

Elmira, N.Y., USA, 14905-0456

Telephone: 800-527-4264; 607-732-1090

Fax: 607-732-1183

E-Mail: edimages@edimages.com