GEOLOGY and EARTH SCIENCE

Introduces glaciers, fossils, rock formation
and erosion, geological structures, plate
tectonics, evolution, atmospherics, astron-
omy & space science. Very rich resource
material, some at OVER 50% DISCOUNT!

GEOLOGICAL TIME & EVOLUTION
Relates increasing geological knowledge with advances in evolutionary theory and evidence. 4 programs. 141 slides. Guides
EPSS-0325X SLIDES
$174.94

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SAVE OVER $47.00 ON 4 SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER EP #SS-0325X.....$174.95
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THE GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE Order #SS-0325S ........$44.95

After an overview of the time scale itself, representative fauna of each time
segment are discussed with currently-accepted views of their appearances,
concentrations, and in some cases, extinctions. Special consideration is given to the
evolution of the primates, in terms of the time and logic of their appearances and
disappearances. 25 frames and guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0325F......$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 18. The Cretaceous period, beginning about 130 million years
ago, was the most recent of the Mesozoic era. During this time the dinosaurs became extinct
(the reasons for this are not clear). The earliest mammals appeared early in this period--the
marsupials (pouched mammals) and the insectivores. The Foraminifera flourished at this time. All
sharks of today were represented in the Cretaceous, many pelecypods, and a number of new
Cnidaria (Coelenterata). The first urodeles (“tailed amphibians”) such as the salamanders (left)
made their appearance. The first teleosts (bony fish) appeared at this time also (right), along with
the first octopods.
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THE ORIGINS OF LIFE Slides order #SS-1115S .........$42.50

The origin of life is viewed as comprising three stages of evolution: inorganic,
organic, and biochemical. This is supported by modern attempts to recreate the
pathways of chemical evolution, searches through Precambrian rocks for microfossils
and explorations for evidence of extraterrestrial chemical and biological evolution. 2O
frames and guide. (Filmstrip order #SS-1115F .............$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 3. The nineteenth century brought a growing awareness among
scientists of the historical continuity of life. In 1838 the German biologists Schleiden and
Schwann proposed the theory that all living organisms are composed of cells. This cell theory, as
is called, has (with some minor qualifications) become a cornerstone of modern biology.

The implications of the cell theory were expanded in 1865 by the German scientist
Virchow, who proposed that "omnis cellula e cellula" -- that new cells arise only from preexisting
cells. This pronouncement introduced the notion of history to the study of life, for it implied that all
living organisms must be direct descendants of more ancient ancestors. This growing realization
sounded the death knell for the concept of spontaneous generation.

In 1859 Darwin attacked another long-held theory of biology-- the immutability of species.
In The Origin of Species by Natural Selection he presented the fruits of a lifetime’s careful
observation of plants and animals from around the world. Darwin maintained that considerable
individual variation exists between members of a species, and that some variants will have a
greater chance than others of surviving in any given environment. As a result of this continual
struggle for existence enough variations may accumulate in the course of many, many
generations that a new species may arise. Evolution may be likened to a fireworks rocket in which
the burning fragments from the initial explosion explode in turn, sending out more streamers.
Each population of animals and plants has the potential to radiate into new species. Once the
theory of evolution was proposed, a search began to retrace the radiating paths of life back to its
central, original source.
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EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH Slides order #EP-2109 ............$99.95
(Special Closeout Pricing, was $165.00)

The major events from the origin of our present universe to the appearance of
humans are outlined using fossil materials, original graphics and models. Four parts: I.
From the Formation of the First Stars and Elements to the Appearance of Devonian
Amphibians; II. Divergence of Amphibians to the Last Dinosaur; III. Rise and Fall of
Ratites and Evolution of Mammals; IV. Appearance of Primates and Development of
Humans. 8O slides /4 cassettes/4 guides.
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ANCIENT ANIMALS Slides order #SS-0020S .........$34.95

Artistic renderings of a selection of extinct species that once inhabited our
planet, from the fossil record. Provides a brief summary of the evolutionary origins of
modern species. 16 slides and guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0020F ...........$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 12. Therapsid flourished approximately 230 million years ago.
This group branched early from the main reptilian line (although they were in fact reptiles) and
went on to provide the embryological ancestry for the mammals. During the reign of the large
reptiles, this line dwindled to small forms. With the extinction of the dinosaurs came a
corresponding rise in mammals that had developed adaptations superior to their ancestors. The
limb development (adapted to terrestrial locomotion) as well as greater intelligence aided
mammalian succession.
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0020-15.tif Mankind's origins. graphic by Educational Images Ltd.

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