GEOLOGY and EARTH SCIENCE

Introduces glaciers, fossils, rock formation
and erosion, geological structures, plate
tectonics, evolution, atmospherics, astron-
omy & space science. Very rich resource
material, some at OVER 50% DISCOUNT!

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
The water cycle--the unique story of water in all its forms and functions. 2 programs. One completely revised 1999. 31 slides and guides.
EP #173X SLIDES
$54.95

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SAVE OVER $12.00 ON 2 SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER EP #173X...........$54.95
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THE WATER CYCLE---EARTH, AIR & LIVING SYSTEMS Order #173..........$42.50
(Revised 1999)

Provides a comprehensive overview of the hydrologic cycle. Details the relative
amounts of water available from various sources, special properties of water, energy flow
as water evaporates, condenses and precipitates, cloud and dew formation, infiltration,
underground water and cave formation, how plants use water, erosion, dams and their
effects, causes of flooding and flood control. Revised text now contains pictures of the
slide images for easy reference. 20 slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 27350 The reverse of evaporation is condensation, in
which water changes from the vapor to the liquid phase. Condensation occurs when water
molecules lose kinetic energy, such as when air is cooled. Familiar examples of condensation
include the formation of dew on plants and soil when the air cools at night, or the condensation on
the outer surface of a cold glass.

At any given temperature, air can hold only a certain amount of water vapor, and warm air
can hold more than cool air. Relative humidity is a measure of how close the air is to containing
all the water vapor it can hold at a given temperature. Air is said to be saturated when the relative
humidity is 100 per cent. At saturation no more water vapor can be added to air; any extra
condenses into liquid. This is what happens when air cools, such as when the sun goes down.
Then the atmosphere becomes fully saturated and can no longer hold its burden of water vapor,
the vapor condenses back into a liquid, forming droplets of water.

When this happens at ground level because the saturated air is in contact with colder
objects, dew forms as it did on this spider web. When it happens in the atmosphere, clouds form.
When condensation occurs, the latent heat stored in the water vapor is released into the
surrounding atmosphere.

For any given water concentration, the temperature at which air becomes saturated is
called the dew point. If the dew point for a particular air mass is above 0° C (the melting point of
water), excess water vapor will collect as a liquid, or dew. Condensation from air at a temperature
below 0° C yields frost crystals. Condensation requires something solid on which the water
molecules can collect. Dew and frost form on solid surfaces, but in the atmosphere microscopic
particles of dust, smoke and sea salts serve as nuclei for condensation.

Clouds are caused by the condensation of water vapor on such nuclei. They form when
an air mass is cooled to its dew point. Clouds may remain in the air for considerable periods of
time when a balance exists between the water molecules leaving and those joining their
component droplets.

Eventually clouds are destroyed in one of two ways: an increase in temperature raises
the dew point and the cloud evaporate into water vapor. Or a decrease in temperature causes
more water to condense into cloud droplets. When the droplets get so heavy they can no longer
float in the air, precipitation results. They then fall to the ground as rain, sleet, snow or hail.

REVIEWS: "The content of the script which accompanies the slides is the best this
reviewer has seen in years." Previews.
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REVIEWS: "The content of the script which accompanies the slides is the best this
reviewer has seen in years." Previews.
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THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE Order #SS-0900S .............$24.95

Earth is unusual because water exists here in solid, liquid and gaseous phases.
This program traces the cycling of water and soluble minerals through the hydrosphere,
atmosphere and lithosphere. Water and minerals are necessary for life and living
systems have evolved biological cycling mechanisms that mimic the geochemical
cycles. 11 frames and guide. (Filmstrip order #SS-0900F ..............$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 7. Green plants synthesize carbohydrates from water and carbon
dioxide using sunlight as an energy source. Actively growing plant tissues have high water
contents, as much as 85-95% of their weights, while dormant seeds may contain only 5-10%
water. The water within plant cells gives them their characteristic turgor (i.e., distention and
resiliency) and acts as a medium for the exchange of materials between cells. Sap is a watery
solution that circulates throughout the plant, carrying inorganic materials from the roots to the
leaves and organic molecules from the leaves to the roots. Water is also the medium through
which plants obtain minerals from their environments. Aquatic plants absorb these nutrients
through their general body surface from the surrounding water. Land plants absorb water and
minerals through their roots.

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RELATED PROGRAMS WORTH NOTING
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A CLOSER LOOK AT PONDLIFE---CD-ROM Order #CDR-1565....$79.95
Lab Pack of 5 Order #CDR-1566....$159.95
Library Pack of 20 Order #CDR-1567....$559.95
Network Version (single server, one building) Order #CDR-1567N....$239.95

New 1999
Combined IBM/MAC Format

Through the wonders of close-up photography, this unique CD-ROM brings
students face-to-face with the inner workings of a freshwater pond, the myriad creatures
and plants that reside there, and the dynamic interactions that go on beneath the surface.
This disk features a library of reference information, images, illustrations, clip art, video
clips and more!

Section One provides a general overview of ecosystems in general and the pond
ecosystem in particular, and introduces the various life forms that reside there. These
include emergent and submerged rooted water plants, microscopic and small
macroscopic animals, aquatic insects, molluscs, amphibians, reptiles, birds and
mammals. Spring and fall overturns are explained and numerous links lead students to
images and text that round out their understanding.

Section Two delves into microscopic pond life in great detail, covering: the
different types of cells, eubacteria, cyanobacteria, euglenoids, diatoms, desmids,
dinoflagellates, flagellates, amoebas, ciliates, suctorians and green protists. Eye
stopping photographs of many examples accompany detailed information.

Section Three presents pond plants and information about how they grow and
reproduce, an what lives on and among them: larch, weeping willow, paper birch, poplar,
alder, jewelweed, ferns, mosses, phragmites, aromatic water lily, variable pond weed,
floating heart, submergent rooted plants, cardinal flower, sundew.

With more striking close-up photographs, Section Four presents the small
invertebrate life that is so plentiful amid the shallow water vegetation and pond sediments:
rotifers, gastrotrichs, hydras, flatworms, nematodes, bryozoans, microannelids,
cladocerans (water fleas), and microcrustaceans. Again, numerous links connect these
creatures to other members of the pond community.

Section Five introduces food chains and trophic levels, photosynthesizers,
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and decomposers. In the process, the numerous pond
vertebrates—fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals—are reintroduced and
presented in depth, along with the microlife forms previously covered. Life styles, feeding
behavior, mating and reproduction, as well as their dependence on other pond life are
presented for the vertebrates.

Section Six provides Field Trip and Laboratory tips. Various classroom and field
projects, ways to collect and preserve specimens, how to calculate a diversity index,
safety considerations, etc.

Section Seven is a unique curriculum section that provides the means to link the
vast library of resources to key, curriculum-based science topics.

Can be used with either Windows or Mac. Color printer recommended.
System Requirements:
Windows 95 or higher, 16MB RAM. Sound card recommended.
Mac 7.5 or higher, 16MB RAM.
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EXPLORING FRESHWATER COMMUNITIES--CD-ROM Order #CDR-1550.........$99.95
Lab Pack of 5 Order #CDR-1550-5.........$199.95

Combined IBM/MAC Format

This indispensable interactive CD-ROM is a complete resource for studying
freshwater biomes.

It provides a fascinating survey of the ecology of swamps, bogs, marshes,
wetlands, streams, ponds, lakes and the Everglades. There is even an introduction to
fish restoration and water pollution.

It also explores the various organisms commonly found associated with these
waters--fish, plankton, protozoa, aquatic insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds and plants,
and emphasizes their special adaptations, feeding habits and the complex interactions
among them.

This program is an instant curriculum-oriented encyclopedia, augmented with
printable diagrams and illustrations, superb photographs, video clips, informative text, lab
activities, and a Protists Culture Database--all on one CD-ROM.

The extensive library of illustrations and diagrams supplements those found in
textbooks.

The Protist Culture Database makes it easy to find over 125 protist genera, and
iIncludes morphologic characteristics, culture parameters and media formulations.

Printable lab activities and laboratory activity tips at the end of each section
help make your ecology labs and field trips more successful than ever before.

Recommended for use with popular biology texts such as Holt: Modern Biology,
Chapter 49, and Prentice Hall: Biology, Chapter 47.

CONTENT SAMPLE:

There are four major types of wetlands: marsh, swamp, fen and bog. Exact classification
is not always possible, since characteristics of more than one type often occur together. In fact,
wetland ecologists sometimes disagree on exactly what these names mean. Before looking at a
bog, in detail, let's briefly consider these four types of wetlands.

A marsh is defined as a wet, open, grassy area with a fluctuating, but always shallow,
water level. The water is either standing or slowly moving. The substratum, or bottom, consists
of mineral soils with or without organic matter.

Both dissolved oxygen and mineral nutrients in the water are present in ample supply.
As a result, marshes can support an abundance of living organisms. Dominant vegetation in
marshes consists of rushes, reeds, reedgrasses, and numerous floating and, in areas of open
water, submerged aquatic plants.

Trees and shrubs are present only near the edges and on small islands of land within the
marsh.

The Everglades region of Florida is a well-known wetland primarily marsh in character.

Copyright (c) MCMXCVI
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~1874-008~ Condensation on spider web. photo by Charles R. Belinky, Ph.D.

Copyright (c) MCMXCVII Educational Images Ltd., Elmira, NY, USA. All rights reserved.

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