BOTANY

Numerous programs covering the world of
botany from the microscopic algae to the
tallest redwood and oldest bristlecone.End-
less fascinating information for the scientist
& amature. GREATLY REDUCED PRICES!

AQUATIC PLANTS
Extensive coverage of and little known facts about plants that grow in freshwater, seaweeds, and fresh- and saltwater algae. 7 pgms. 125 slides, texts. 31% DISCOUNT!
EP #276X SLIDES
$199.95

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SAVE $90.00 ON 7 SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER EP #276X.....$199.95
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WATER PLANTS Slides order #276 ................$42.50

Every plant needs water, but to a varying degree. Plants evolve and adapt to their
environment, whether they are underwater, in contact with the surface of the water, at the
water's edge, in changing amounts of water, or in flowing water. This program describes
freshwater plants, how they live and their ecological significance. Includes Victoria lily,
floating heart, water lettuce, bladderwort, spatterdock, pickerel weed, hyacinth,
arrowhead, lotus, cattail, papyrus, bur reed, phragmites, sundew, white water lilies,
variable pond weed, and plant succession. 20 slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 10682 One of the loveliest aquatic flowers of the eastern United
States is the pickerel weed, so called because it grows in waters where pickerel (fish) live. It lives
in shallow ponds and streams in what is called the "emergent zone"--rooted in the muddy bottom
soil yet with the stems and leaves clearly out of the water. As you may guess, we are gradually
moving toward shore with our water plant survey. Pickerel weed is the first plant to set root on the
new land formed as a pond or slough fills in.

Pickerel weed absorbs so much water and its leaves give off so much through
transpiration that it is considered undesirable in reservoirs, created to store as much water as
possible. It can also grow so thickly in small, sluggish streams as to choke them.

Pickerel weed seeds are eaten by ducks and deer and the plant itself is food for
muskrats. It may be as much as 4 feet tall, and bears its spikes of lavender flowers from June to
October.
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THE TREE THAT WALKS IN THE SEA--THE RED MANGROVE Order #253........$42.50

The history and life story of this unique, land-building tropical evergreen and the
many brackish water life forms that shelter and reproduce among its sturdy prop roots.
Pictures include trees, radical, roots, molluscs, algae, fish and birds. 20 slides, guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 20245 As the mangrove root system grows, it becomes more
tangled, extensive and almost impenetrable. It acts like a sieve and bits of driftwood, shell
fragments, seaweeds, grasses, dead organisms and leaves--practically anything that can be
carried by water--collects and gets trapped. At the same time, the trees, the roots and the
trapped debris provide food and dwelling places for various bacteria, fungi and algae. Spring and
summer rains falling upstate and storms from the Caribbean move in silts, mud and organic
detritus that gets trapped as well, so that there is a gradual build-up of nutrient rich soils and
sediments, and land is built around the mangrove roots.
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CARNIVOROUS PLANTS Slides order #224 ..............$42.50

Some innocuous looking plants that trap and eat tiny insects or even small
rodents. Includes trapping techniques, biological niche and cultural information of some
of nature's most bizarre plants; bladderwort, butterwort, pitcher plants, venus fly trap,
sundews. 20 slides and guide.

REVIEWS: "Fine visuals...fascinating for...science students." Booklist. "Recommended."
School Library Journal.
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PHYTOPLANKTON Slides order #SS-1025S........$42.50

Examines the microscopic algae that inhabit sunlit surface waters and their role
as the productive base of most marine food chains. Diatoms, the dominant phytoplankton
in cool, polar water, and dinoflagellates, which abound in warm tropical waters, are
considered. Other forms of phytoplankton, along with their various characteristics, are
also viewed. 15 frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip order SS-1025F.....$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 3. The two most important types of phytoplankton are the dia-
toms and the dinoflagellates. Diatoms are the dominant phytoplankton of cool polar waters, while
dinoflagellates abound in warm tropical waters.

Diatoms belong to the class Bacillariophyceae of the golden-brown algae, phylum
Chrysophyta. Diatom size ranges from just visible, 1 or 2 mm long, to extremely tiny forms, as
small as 2 microns, and remember 1 micron = 1/1000 mm. Diatoms are distinguished by
elaborate shells or frustules of glass-like silica. Each frustule is composed of two overlapping
valves or thecae. A larger epitheca overlaps a smaller hypotheca, much as the lid of a pillbox fits
over a smaller bottom. Both valves are often highly ornamented with intricate patterns of pits and
perforations intermixed with spikes and thorn-like extensions. The valves have various shapes,
with radially symmetrical forms (Centricae) predominating in marine waters and bilateral types
(Pennatae) in fresh waters. Diatoms are the predominant phytoplankton in cool temperate and
polar waters. Diatoms are also found in freshwater plankton and in moist soils. Benthic forms
glide about bottom substrata in marine and freshwater shallows. Diatoms may exist as solitary
individuals or several may be joined together to form ladder-like chains.
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MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON Slides order #233..........$42.50

A captivating glimpse of the major divisions of algae that comprise marine
phytoplankton--the most abundant primary producers in the sea. Representative species
of diatoms (Bacillariophyta), dinoflagellates (Pyrrhophyta), golden algae (Chrysophyta)
and bluegreen algae (Cyanophyta) are presented. Covers morphology, physiology,
reproduction and ecological significance. 20 slides and guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 23046 The cell wall of diatoms is a rigid structure that cannot
enlarge in diameter after it is formed. Consequently, as each cell divides, the smaller of the two
overlapping valves forms a new wall inside itself, making the new frustrule slightly smaller than its
“twin.” Thus, with each successive division, a segment of the population becomes smaller.
Eventually a frustrule becomes so small that it is no longer capable of dividing vegetatively.

Alternatively, the cell undergoes a developmental sequence that leads to the formation of
auxospores, as seen here in Lithodesmium. This stage will result eventually in the restoration of
the maximum size of the species. The formation of auxospores can be a vegetative or sexual
process, depending on the species and the environmental conditions. Some species can be
induced to form auxospores by regulating the environment, although the cell may not have
reached its minimum size.

REVIEWS: "Clear visuals...informative...clearly written." Booklist.
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SEAWEEDS Slides order #229..........$42.50

An introduction to these interesting, diverse and little known algae. Includes
representatives of the three divisions--Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta.
Interesting facts, uses, range and habitat are discussed. 20 slides and detailed guide.

CONTENT SAMPLE: 19893 This seaweed, Ulva, is able to grow in brackish waters.
The plants shown here were raked off the mud flats in an estuary near Hong Kong. Ulva, often
called sea lettuce, is sometimes cooked in soup by the poorer Chinese. However, the seaweed is
low in protein and not very nutritious. And because it is thoroughly washed before cooking, most
of the minerals naturally present are removed.

Bays of slow-moving water are often habitat for the hardy Ulva, which can flourish in
sluggish and even organically polluted environs. Huge sheets of Ulva also grow in the quiet, cold
waters of Washington State’s Puget Sound. Truly an adaptable alga, sea lettuce prefers a
moderately exposed situation on rocks and in pools and quiet shallow coastal waters all over the
world.
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SEAWEEDS Slides order #SS-1030S........$34.95

This presentation takes a look at the adaptations which allow the various forms
of seaweed to flourish in intertidal zones. Discusses the phytopigments and morphology
of both simple and multicelled plants. Some of the varieties of seaweed found in the
world oceans are studied. 10 frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip SS-1030F....$15.00.)

CONTENT SAMPLE: 7. The kelps are an assemblage of large, subtidal brown sea-
weeds that belong to four families, of which Laminariaceae contains the most familiar members.
Kelps include the largest of all seaweeds; some attain lengths of 100 m. Accompanying their
unusually large sizes is the development of cell specializations to extents that are unparalleled in
other algae groups. The kelp thallus is differentiated into three cell layers: an outer epidermis, a
cortex and a central medulla. The epidermis consists of one or two cell layers that cover the
outer surface of the kelp. Beneath the epidermis is a layer of tightly-packed cells called the
cortex. An inner medulla consists of elongated cells that are interconnected by shorter cells that
run crosswise. The elongated filaments run along the long axis of the seaweed and are believed
to conduct materials throughout the plant. Photosynthesis occurs in the epidermal and outer
cortex cells, which contain chloroplasts.

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RELATED PROGRAMS WORTH NOTING
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ALGAL SYMBIOSIS Slides order #SS-0805S .....$34.95

Relates algal-invertebrate associations as examples of symbiotic relationships.
Focuses on the photosynthesis and respiration which take place in the algal cells, and
examines several examples of organisms involved in metabolic transfers. The produc-
tivity and building of coral atolls is also reviewed. 10 frames, cassette and guide.
(Filmstrip order SS-0805F......$15.00.)
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PLANKTON COMMUNITIES Slides order #SS-0825S.......$42.50

Beginning with a discussion of plankton, this program compares phytoplankton
and zooplankton. It offers a detailed view of the relationship between the two, and
discusses the dependence on various levels of the food chain by developing fish. 15
frames, cassette and guide. (Filmstrip order SS-0825F.......$15.00.)
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~1050-099~ Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata). photo by Charles R. Belinky, Ph.D.

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